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Structure of automatic assembly production line

2019-10-28
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Different from the automatic machining production line, the processing object of the automatic machining production line is a single mechanical part, while the automatic assembly production line is mainly engaged in various assembling, testing, marking, packaging and other processes in the later stage of product manufacturing. The operation objects include various parts and components, and the finished products or semi-finished products are finally finished. It is mainly used in product manufacturing occasions with mature product design, huge market demand, and long-term production. Its advantages are stable product performance and quality, less labor, high efficiency, greatly reduced manufacturing cost of unit price products, and the least occupied space.




Products suitable for automatic assembly production line are usually: bearings, gear transmissions, cigarettes, computer hard disks, computer optical disk drives, electrical switches, relays, bulbs, locks, pens, printed circuit boards, small motors, micro pumps, food packaging, etc. The structure principle of automatic assembly production line is very similar to automatic machining production line and manual assembly line, except that the operators in manual assembly line are workers, and the operators in automatic machining production line are various workstations or automatic machine tools, while in automatic assembly production line, various automatic assembly machines complete various assembly processes. Its structural principle is shown in the following figure. Schematic diagram of typical automatic assembly production line structure The automatic assembly production line mainly includes: conveying system; All kinds of material distribution, stopping and reversing gear; Various automatic loading and unloading devices; Various automatic assembly special machines; In addition, sensors and control systems often have some manual operation procedures, which are used to replace assembly procedures that are technically difficult to realize automation or uneconomical in cost, and form a hybrid automatic assembly line that includes both automatic operation and manual operation of machines.




(1) conveying system


The conveying system usually adopts various conveying lines, whose functions are to automatically convey workpieces on the one hand, and to connect various automatic assembly machines into a coordinated operation system on the other hand. Conveying system usually adopts continuous operation mode. The most typical conveying lines are belt conveying lines and flat top chain conveying lines, etc.


Usually, the conveying line is designed as a straight line, and various automatic assembly machines are placed directly above the conveying line. The automatic special plane and the conveying line are designed and manufactured on the basis of various aluminum profiles. After debugging, the automatic special plane and the conveying line are connected and fixed by special connectors, so that they become a whole.

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(2) all kinds of material distribution, stopping and reversing gear


Since the workpieces are assembled by special machines according to the arrangement sequence of special machines until all the assembly processes are finally completed, a material distributing mechanism is usually designed in front of each special machine on the conveying line to separate the continuously arranged workpieces, and then various stopping mechanisms are set to form the temporary storage positions of the workpieces required by each special machine. After the workpiece reaches the temporary stop position, after being confirmed by the sensor, the manipulator on the special plane grabs the workpiece from this position and puts it into the positioning fixture, and then carries out the assembly process operation. Finally, the manipulator on the machine grabs the workpiece from this position and sends it back to the conveying line to continue to convey to the next special machine.


When it is necessary to change the posture of the workpiece, it is necessary to set a proper reversing gear and change the posture direction of the workpiece before performing the process operation.




(3) Various automatic loading and unloading devices


Since the main assembly processes are completed by various automatic assembly machines, various automatic assembly machines naturally need their own automatic loading and unloading devices, and the most widely used ones are vibrating plates and manipulators. Vibrating disk is used for automatically conveying small parts, such as screws, nuts, rivets, small stamping parts, small injection molding parts, small die-casting parts, etc., while the manipulator can grasp a wide range of objects, which can grasp both tiny parts and parts with certain size and weight. In order to simplify the structure, in the design of automatic special machine, the automatic loading and unloading manipulator is usually directly designed as a part of the special machine, and the usual loading and unloading operation can be realized only by two directions of movement. Therefore, this manipulator adopts the matching linear guide rail mechanism and air cylinder to form a linear motion system in the up-down and horizontal directions, and a sucker or pneumatic finger can be assumed at the end of the arm moving up and down. For some simple process operations, the special machine does not need to remove the workpiece from the conveying line, but can be directly carried out during the conveying process of the workpiece on the conveying line, such as code spraying marking and bar code labeling operations, which greatly simplifies the structure of the special machine; In some processes, the workpiece needs to be carried out in a static state. At this time, the workpiece needs to stay on the conveying line through the stopping mechanism, and then it can be carried out directly. However, in some processes, not only the workpiece needs to be carried out in a static state, but also a certain degree of accuracy, such as laser marking operation. At this time, it is not enough to stop the workpiece on the conveying line, because the conveying line usually runs continuously, and the workpiece will still shake slightly under the action of the conveying line. It is necessary to design a pneumatic mechanism to lift the workpiece up for a certain distance, so that the workpiece can be separated from the conveying belt or chain plate before carrying out the process operation.




(4) All kinds of special automatic assembly machines


Various automatic assembly special machines include automatic loading and unloading device, positioning fixture, assembly executing structure, sensor and control system, etc. The positioning fixture is designed according to the shape and size of specific workpiece, and the assembly executing mechanism is specially designed according to the required process, and a large number of linear guide rail mechanism, linear bearing, ball screw mechanism and other components are used. The processes usually completed on this kind of automatic assembly machine include: automatic bonding, parts insertion, semiconductor surface mounting, various screw and nut connections, riveting, adjustment, inspection, marking, packaging, etc. In addition to the assembly process, some simple machining processes can also be used in this automatic assembly line.




(5) Sensor and control system


Each special machine must have corresponding sensors and control systems to complete its own assembly operation cycle. In addition, in order to make the assembly cycle of each special machine form a coordinated system, the friction line manufacturer must also set various sensors on the conveying line to detect and confirm the position of the workpiece. For example, when the workpiece does exist and the control system needs to release the workpiece, the material feeding mechanism starts to act, when the workpiece does exist in the temporary storage position and the control system needs the manipulator to grab the workpiece for feeding, and so on. Usually, sequence control system is used to coordinate and control the process operation of each special plane, and the process operation of the next special plane is only carried out after the process of the previous special plane is completed. When the current special plane has not completed the process operation, the next adjacent special plane must be in a waiting state until all the process operations on the production line are completed after the workpiece passes through the last special plane, which is very similar to the process of manually assembling the assembly line. The most typical structural form of automatic assembly line is straight line, so the conveying system is the simplest and the manufacturing is easier.


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